The short answer
You can usually apply for citizenship after five years as a permanent resident, or three years if you are married to and living with a U.S. citizen. You must also meet the residence and travel rules, pass the English and civics tests, and show good moral character.
What to know
- You must be at least 18.
- Be physically in the U.S. for at least half of the required period, and avoid long trips abroad.
- Live in your state or district for at least three months before applying.
- Apply on Form N-400, attend an interview, and take the oath if approved.
For the exact rules, forms and fees, see USCIS.
Visa Status is an unofficial site. This is general information in plain words, not legal advice. Rules, fees and forms change, so check the official website and your own papers. Written October 2026.